The Effects Of Early Parental Loss On The Psychological...

Death is something that is difficult to deal with; even more so as a child. Therefore, children most of the time do not understand death and are confused about reasoning behind the loss. At this stage in a child’s life they do not have the tools that are needed to deal with this kind emotional turmoil. Bereavement of a parent can traumatize a child so badly that it can affect him or her later in adulthood. Under those circumstances psychological treatment should be obtained for the child after bereavement has taken place. In Angela Kanini Kaberia’s article, â€Å"Influence of early parental loss on the psychological functioning and sense of identity among young adults in Meru County, Kenya†, there were multiple study done to determine all kinds of different aspect or how a child is affected by the loss of a parent. Furthermore, one of the first studies list that 127 adults were studied that had at least lost one of their parents if not both before the age of fi fteen. The control group consisted of 124 adults that had not lost either one of their parents. In result the bereaved group showed lower levels of positive relation with others when judge against the control group (Kaberia,2016,182). It is important to realize that the results also show that by having unresolved grief after an extended amount of time after this period of bereavement showed characteristics of lower positive relations when compared to those have no such grief (Kaberia,2016,182).Show MoreRelatedPsychosocial Factors That Affect Adolescent s Behavior876 Words   |  4 Pagesinteresting stage of development and is the fifth stage of Erikson stages of development .According to Erikson adolescence is a time of searching for one’s own identity and developing a sense of autonomy. Trying on different â€Å"selves† is a common mental and behavioral activity of adolescents who are in the process of developing an internally anchored sense of who they are, rather t han defining themselves by what others think or expect of them including their parents (Erikson, 1968). Many normal and well behavedRead MoreLife Span Development Reflective Paper5968 Words   |  24 Pagesethnic and cultural backgrounds. My experience and training includes extensive work with prenatal, infant and early childhood education and development. Through this course I have been able to not only reinforce what I know, but develop greater knowledge in my areas of expertise as well as gain a deeper understanding of the areas of least experience and knowledge (i.e. adolescent, early/middle adulthood and late adulthood). I will discuss how research and theory has enhanced my knowledge and understandingRead MoreObservation Of Various Life Stages5410 Words   |  22 Pages However, this type of observation is limited to the extent of these senses’ accuracy. This leaves us with the psychological processes of individuals, but the psychologist must fend off the physical evidence of observed behaviors, to analyze and predict both individual and group behavior during the different stages of human life. The observer will describe in detail an observation conducted onto 2 groups of children in early adolescent stage. The first documentation is on encountered issues ofRead MoreInternational Adoption: A Global Problem or a Global Solution?2642 Words   |  11 Pagesadoption can be assumed as an appropriate solution for the problem of orphans because it provides underprivileged children with parental love and it gives them an opportunity to avoid problem of socialization that orphan children usually do have. On the other hand international adoption is criticized by others because of the loss of culture and the disturbance of identity formation that adoptees do suffer from. In addition, international adoption is often used in relation to the child traffickingRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pagestrend in the 1970s, and that young women tend to delay motherhood. South Africa has the lowest fertility rate in sub-Saharan Africa and is at par with ot her developing countries outside region (Anderson, 2002). In the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS), it was found that the total fertility rate has declined to an average of 2.9 children per woman (Dickson, 2002). A decline in fertility rates has been associated with a high use of contraceptives among women and also the legalisationRead MoreA REPORT ON THE EFFECTS OF SIBLING SEXUAL ABUSE5691 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿A REPORT ON THE EFFECTS OF SIBLING SEXUAL ABUSE BY NWOKO ISRAEL. I STUDENT NUMBER-53918126 UNIQUE NUMBER-322943 POST GRADUATE CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA. AUGUST, 2013. PREFACE In this report the word ‘’ Sibling ’’ is used to refer to children who grow up in the same family, whether they are step-children, foster children, adopted children or children by birth. Naturally and healthy sexual explorationRead MoreFilipino Adolescents in Changing Times*10342 Words   |  42 Pagesbeliefs, attitudes, perceptions and behavior of young people in their late teens belonging to different socio-economic classes and living in urban and rural areas. It examined the factors influencing their beliefs and behavior and determining the critical events or â€Å"turning points† in their lives that have shaped their self-concept or identity. Specific research questions included: †¢ What are the beliefs, attitude, perceptions and behavior of young people specifically about relationships (with theRead MoreParental Grief Essay14598 Words   |  59 PagesContinuing Process of Parental Grief Also, sometimes a parents love makes them unable to let go. Ive seen so many parents put their needs above their infants because they just cant bear to suffer the grief of losing a child. Its heartbreaking when you can see parents in total denial and you know that the end will come one way or another but they just cant accept it. I dont know if thats the case here or not, but its certainly a possibility. Parental Grief The theme of parental mourning hasRead MoreQuestions on Abnormal Psychology4701 Words   |  19 PagesPoints Question 1 of 50 1.0 Points According to the integrative model, which of the following factors influence the onset and maintenance of somatic symptom disorders?   A.Biological, psychological, social and cultural factors.   B.Psychological, cultural and perceptual factors.   C.Medical, sociological, and psychological factors.   D.Cultural, medical, and gender factors. Answer Key:  A Question 2 of 50 1.0 Points Concerning the cause of dissociative disorders, _______ dominate(s) this field of psychologyRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 Pages2.3 Information gathering Content Analysis 16 Chapter 3: Literature Review Applying the Attachment Theory when working with Looked after Children 3.1. Part 1 - Early Attachment Theories, Criticisms Findings 20 3.2. Part 2 - Emotional and Behavioural difficulties 28 3.3 Part 3 - Effects on Child Development 35 Chapter 4: Critical overview Conclusion 4.1 Critical overview 43 4.2 Recommendations Conclusion 45 References

Different Types Of Leadership Styles - 868 Words

Being an effective manager means knowing when to use the right management style. The six management styles are coaching, strategic, laissez- faire, bureaucratic, autocratic, and democratic. Managers have to perform many roles in an organization and knowing how they would handle difficult situations will depend on their style of management. The purpose of the paper is to understand a little about all the management styles and then which one best fits my personality and how it should be handled. Being able to be an effective Manager and knowing when to use it and how to handle a situation when it comes Background A management style is a method of leadership used by a manager. Managers should be able to adjust their style in any given situation. Throughout history, people have tried to say what makes a good leader. There are different types of leadership styles that would appear in any type of work environment. The first leadership style would be coaching. Coaching leaders are very effective in settings where performance or results need improvement. The coach would help the coaches realize and help them to see their full potential not by instructing or giving advice but by asking questions that will guide them to understand. They also help others to advance their skills and build strength, as well as provide a lot of guidance. The coaching leadership style is most effective when followers are more responsible, experienced, and agreeable. The second style would be strategic.Show MoreRelatedDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1127 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence, goals, and people is what lead ership has been built off of creating variations of different types of leadership traits and styles. Leadership is simply defined as the ability to impact people to obtain a certain goal or accomplishment. In any type of business or corporation, leadership is an overall activity that is only distinctive among people within an organization. Uncertainty is a variation that come with a leadership role. This variation makes a leader a quick thinker and valuesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles976 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper discusses different type of leadership styles. Servant leadership is a leadership that was discovered by Robert K. Greenleaf. Greenleaf founds some key tools on how individuals can serve and be leaders at the same time while being effective. Many organization use this theory in their organizations rather it’s for- profit or non- profit. It will be explored on how organizations use this theory and how it works for them as well as what leadership style is used for my particular organizationRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1718 Words   |  7 Pageskinds of leadership styles used to facilitate the actions of others. Mirriam-Webster.com defines leadership as â€Å"a position as a leader of a group, organization, etc†. Another more inclusive definition regarding the leading role is â€Å"managers motivating employees, directing their activities, selecting the most effective communication channels, or resolving conflicts among members† (Robbins, Judge, 2013). If a company or organization suffers from poor, none, or the wrong leadership styles, everyoneRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1799 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership Styles Different leadership styles There are many different types of leadership styles that are adjusted to suit different roles of jobs. All leadership styles have a direct reasoning to provide direction, as well as motivating individuals. Authoritarian Leadership (also known as autocratic) has a high level of control. It empowers people to follow the directions given. It is frequently considered a classic leadership style and is used when the leader wants to take as much control asRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1288 Words   |  6 Pagesthorough research work in how they define leadership and leadership behavior. Leadership students and researchers have described many different types of leadership styles. The democratic and autocratic leadership styles are just two of the most prominent leadership styles that have been identified in leadership literatures. In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin decided to identify the different types of leadership styles that exist in the modern world. This earlyRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles935 Words   |  4 Pagessupportive and they set the example for everyone to see. I think every successful leader follows this philosophy whether they realize it or not. I have worked for several leaders throughout my 21 plus year career and I have seen all different types of leadership styles. I have learned something from every leader I have worked for, whether they were a great leader who I wanted to emulate later on in my career, or the leader that I swore I would never be like. We learn from everyone that we work forRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1330 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Leadership? Why are there so many types of Leadership? Which one is the right one? These are all important questions people who are trying to lead ask. John Maxwell a we ll-known author on leadership stated simply â€Å"Leadership is influence†. There are numerous types of leadership styles, they all have their strong points about them, and depending who you are the circumstances can dictate which type of person with what type of leadership style will be successful. In this paper I will discussRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership1590 Words   |  7 Pagesobligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. Prentice (2004) defines leadership as the accomplishment of a goal through theRead MoreEssay about different types of leadership styles9138 Words   |  37 Pages 3. Among the different types of leadership styles, which style would be suitable to a democratic country like India to become superpower in business? Justify your answer. LEADERSHIP The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers. To gain followers requires influence but doesnt exclude the lack of integrity in achieving this. Indeed, it can be argued that several of the worlds greatest leaders have lacked integrity and have adopted values that would not be shared by manyRead MoreTypes Of Leadership Traits And Effective Leadership Styles That Will Be Best For Different Situations Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. A true leader is one who has the power, passion, and ability to guide others in the right direction. Leadership is having the control and will power to direct any group of people towards a common goal. There are several types of leadership traits and effective leadership styles that will be best for different situations. If leadership was easy, everyone would be doing it. Leadership requires more than just a few hopeful words and promises. It takes passionate and knowledgeable individuals

Discrimination Problems Free Essays

A problem facing human kind that I will start out with is discrimination and racism. For as long as humans have interacted on our planet, there has been discrimination. To me, discrimination is the act of treating individuals unequally because of a group or culture that one lives by. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone has been discriminatory at some point in his or her life, sometimes while not even knowing it, but it still needs to be thrown out of our society. In the late 1950†³s, discrimination acts ended against minority groups in a court of law; but did they? Today, some will still say that discrimination against any different type of ethnic group or organization will never just go away. How can a group/organization, educated or non-educated believe that a certain group that they abide by is superior to that of another? And is this still looked at as an acceptable way of living to some, or in some places? An example of an openly racist configuration is the Ku-Klux-Klan. Although most of our country is not supporting such a group, they are still given the right to voice their hatred. How is our nation ever supposed to improve and sustain peace when people are blaming others for something that we have all brought upon ourselves? Another problem I think our humankind is facing is lack of freedom and excess of social control. At this point in my life I am going through a very confusing stage of questioning. Questioning my values, my boundaries, my potential, basically my life in general. Often, I ask myself, â€Å"What the hell were we put on this planet for†? Was it to do what our society is showing us to do? -Or have we all gone completely mad? Who said that we need to succeed and compete, and sometimes make ourselves unhappy to achieve something that we are told is right? Who came up with having our whole world centered at education and goal oriented scholars? Where has the freedom really gone, and what will it lead to-certainly nothing more than what we have now. If freedom is being able to study what one wants and being able to work where one wants, as whatever one wants, these definitions of freedom are still centered around only one way of life-An organized society. True- our world would be beyond chaotic if one should pull the plug on rules, regulations and organization, but has anyone ever brought forth any kind of â€Å"what if†¦ â€Å"?. What would our world be if success and education were not looked at as the â€Å"appropriate and better† way of life? People would be able to live as they choose without the worries of fitting into any kind of society in which they did not want to fit into? What I am asking or yet proposing in a sense is what are we aiming for, and how excessive is our social control going to get? Does anybody have a certainty that what we are doing is in fact correct- if so, I†d like to meet him or her, and have Materialism is another one that I am going to take a shot at. This subject I can†t say I†m exactly fit to write about but it†s something of interest to me, which makes it somewhat of a â€Å"problematic subject† in my book. Materialism to me is our world looking at and making assumptions and opinions about the wrong thing, either the subject being money/success, man-made objects, social upbringing, education or whatever. I have never had a direct problem with materialism only because I have never been confronted or even in discussion with that subject. I grew up in a very materialistic environment and only now am realizing that it is a problem for our society. Where I grew up, in a suburban, upper-class township, everyone forms opinions on everyone by the external view of someone. As I have said above, how much money? Are they attractive? Who are their parents? And so forth. I had never been exposed to anything but that until now, and I am learning that not everyone is like that, so it†s not as much of a problem in some places than in others, although the places with heavy materialistic views and ways of life are not educated enough about this subject to know that materialism is wrong. These are just three of the many things that I think are problems facing human kind in the future and even right now. How to cite Discrimination Problems, Papers

Aldi Harrison Expanded Marketing Mix - Click to Get Solution

Question: Evaluate how well the marketing mix of the organization is performed for Aldi organization? Answer: Introduction The expanded marketing mix of Aldi will be studied in the present report. Aldi is an International discount supermarket chain based in Germany. The supermarket is known for offering high quality products to the customers with exceptional value. The supermarket offers range of grocery products with best quality. The grocery products are available at exceptionally low prices. In order to offer products at low prices, Aldi manufactures its own products. In order to reduce their cost of production further, Aldi encourages customers to carry their own shopping bags. It also offers shopping bags for sale. In order to reduce the cost, the shopping carts are given at rent on quarter basis (deposit is returned with the cart). It eliminates the need for making payments to the employees for recovering the carts. Aldi sells its own brand label food, beverage items and household items that are inexpensive in nature. Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers. Product The product offering of Aldi ranges from selling own brands which are cheaper than the labels that are highly priced. The cost and production process of the organization is controlled by Aldi. Non food items are also stocked by Aldi such as toiletries and sells musical instruments. Advantages of quality, feature and style improvement of a product The target market of Aldi is the middle class and the lower middle class. It offers products at low prices. The quality of the products offered by Aldi is average. It does not offer high quality product to the customers. The quality, feature and style of product are essential attributes of the product that sets it apart from the rest of the products. The essential attributes of the products add value to it. Continuous improvement of quality of a product is an essential part of the business management process. The style and improvement of quality of a product will reduce the defects and improve the quality of the product. The philosophy of continuous improvement of quality of quality of a product will make the business better equipped to adapt to the changes that occur in the industry. This will enable them to take advantages of the opportunities and avoid the threats (Ruddick, 2014). Improvement of quality focuses on improving the business process as a means to improve the efficiency of the organization. Aldi has been continuously improving its efficiency in terms of quality improvement of the products manufactured by it, style and feature improvement of the product. Aldi has been professional and it always inspects the products supplied to it to ensure that it meets the demand of the customers. The own branded labels of Aldi are sold at cheaper rates than the other supermarkets. This has helped Aldi to maintain its market share. Apart from selling the products at cheap rates, it is essential for Aldi to enhance the quality and features of the products offered by Aldi. This will enhance the competitive advantage of the organization (Hamel, 2015). Addition of New Products Aldi offers range of food products to the customers. The own branded labels offered by Aldi comprises of Choco rice , Rich tea biscuits , Lager Stella Artois and other wide range of food products. Aldi has been imitating the top brands and manufacturing the same products with variety and different features. The choco rice sold by Aldi is imitation of the Kellogs coco pops. There are certain modifications in the product quality. Similarly there is various range of product offering of Aldi which is an imitation of a popular brand (Adnews.com.au, 2015). It is a clever evolution by Aldi to target the affluent areas of the market. Aldi sells fewer products than most of the products sold by the supermarkets. Tesco has 40,000 products in line but Aldi stocks only 1350 products (TheGrocer.co.uk, 2013). It has been said by retail analyst of Kantar, Edward Garner that one might find 20 pasta sauces in Tesco but Aldi will only have two or three pasta sauces (SHOOTER, 2013). The food products s old by Aldi have been very successful. In can diversify its product range and add new sections. It can venture into the clothes section. It can start the clothes section. Wools worth is a large supermarket that is making its clothing business more appealing and fashionable to the customers. At present Aldi sells clothes, electronic products and furnitures on special days like twice in a week. The special products are sold every Wednesday and Saturday (Grocery.com, 2015). But instead of selling the products on special days, Aldi should diversify its product offering and include the clothes section as a regular section in the supermarket (Aldi.com.au, 2015). Price Pricing the product in an accurate manner is the most difficult considerations for the marketing organizations. There are different strategies of pricing the product. The various strategies of pricing includes market penetration, competitive pricing and strategic pricing. The strategy applied by Aldi to price its products is competitive pricing. By the pricing policy Aldi is able to offer the products at low prices (Harvard Business Review, 2006). The low prices are offered by Aldi as it manufactures most of the food products and buys products in huge volume (Icmrindia.org, 2015). It offers great leverage for negotiating the best possible prices for the products (mrmlogiq.com, 2013). Pricing Objectives The major pricing objective used by Aldi is competitive pricing. The strategy by Aldi has been successful as it has forced the suppliers to deliver products at lowest prices. Since the company makes bulk purchases, it is easier for the organization to purchase at cheaper rates without lowering its profit margin. Since it purchases the products at lower rates, selling the products at reduced rate is not a tough job for the organization. The pricing policy of Aldi is made to capture the larger share of the market. The competitive pricing policy by Aldi has made it one of the largest supermarkets in Australia. One in every three household in Australia visit Aldi to purchase the food products (Harrison, 2014). Policies of pricing The pricing policy of Aldi is simple and transparent. The low prices are offered by Alsi by undertaking some unique policies. Unit pricing policy has been used by Aldi to price its products. Comparison of the prices of the products with other supermarkets can be done accurately using unit pricing policy (Aldi.com.au, 2015). It provides extra information to the customers. The unique pricing policy by Aldi has maintained the transparency of pricing the products. The customers will get the real value of shopping from Aldi. The refund policy used by Aldi is done understanding the need of the customers. The refund is done on an everyday basis if the customers are not satisfied with the products (Aldi.com.au, 2015). Strategies of Pricing The pricing strategy of Aldi is targeted to capture the larger share of the market. It uses the competitive policy of pricing to address a larger mass of customers. The various strategies of pricing are 1. Market Penetration The pricing strategy is used by organization by charging lower prices for the new products so that the new organization can enter into the market and have a greater share of the market. This helps the organization capture the market fast. The company can gain over the market share quickly. 2. Competitive pricing - The competitive pricing policy is used to drive the existing customers of a particular company towards it. The competitive pricing is done by offering lower prices for a range of products to the customers. 3. Strategic pricing - The strategic pricing policy emphasizes on enhancing the quality of brand positioning of the product in order to allow a higher price for the product. The organization focuses on enhancing the quality of the product rather than reducing the price of the product. Amongst the three strategies, the strategy applied by Aldi to sell the products to the customers is competitive pricing (Collinson, 2014). It will offer products of high quality or similar quality as sold by the other supermarkets at cheaper rates. Aldi can offer the products at cheaper rates since it purchases the products in huge volumes. Since Aldi buys products in large volumes, it allows great leverage for negotiating with the suppliers for the products. It sells the products to the customers at the best possible prices (This is Money, 2014). Since it purchases the product in bulk volume it can negotiate with the suppliers regarding the price of the product. This is known as economies of scale which means that huge volumes of a product is purchased at low price. The savings made by Aldi is passed on to the customers of Aldi (Butler, 2014). Procedures of pricing Aldi offers products to the customers at low prices. Since it offers less expensive items to the customers, it has to reduce its cost of production. Instead of purchasing the products from outside, Aldi manufactures most of the food products. The food products are manufactured by Aldi keeping in mind the demand for the product. It has imitated the top brand food products like Kellogs while manufacturing its own food products (Cambridge News, 2014). Among the top supermarkets in the world, the products sold by Aldi are 16% cheaper than the products sold by Asda. It is 20% cheaper than the products offered by Tesco and 40% cheaper than the products offered by Waitrose (Osborne, 2012). The customers have to carry their own shopping bags in Aldi. It reduces the extra cost of the company. It offers milk at the lowest prices. It offers lowest prices to the dairy farmer for their milk. Thus if the customers want to support the dairy farmers then they should not buy the milk from Aldi (Food Strategy Associates, 2014). The customers complain about the loyalty cards offered by the othersuper markets. They claim a reduction in the price of the product instead of the loyalty cards. Aldi has gone down in the same path. They do not offer loyalty cards to the customers.Instead they have reduced the price of their product (Osborne, 2012). Distribution Distributing the products to reach out to a wide range of audience is essential for the growth of the business organization. The strategy used by Aldi to capture a larger share of the market is by distributing the product to a wide range of customers. The target audiences of the company are the low and middle income earners. They opened their supermarket chains all over the world which includes Australia, UK , US etc. Objectives of Distribution Aldi has a well networked team of supplier who supply their products to all the supermarkets. The main distribution strategy used by Aldi is to maximize the reach out of their product to the customers. This will help them gain a larger share of the market. Strategies of Distribution Aldi has separate distribution centres in their operating countries. They have made huge investment in each of the distribution centre in order to manage their business in an efficient way (Cordo n, Hald Seifert, 2012). The distribution centers hire employees on a regular basis in order in order to distribute their products to the end users in an efficient manner. The logistic and supply chain operates at world class efficiency (Supplychainanalysis.igd.com, 2015). The suppliers keep the delivery roots short and they employ the best war housing techniques for supplying the products to the various stores (Kleemann, 2011). In order to distribute the product efficiently to the end users they employ candidates with market leading skills. They provide a clear delegation of responsibility to the employees (Theuvsen, 2007). The region in which Aldi operates is decentralized. Thus the operations can be controlled from a localized point. This ensures efficient management of the supply chai n (Johnsen, Howard Miemczyk, 2014). The supplier arrangements are made in the organization to minimize the consumption of energy and reduce the carbon emissions (ALDI Australia, 2012). Promotional Strategies In order to increase its profitability, Aldi has to increase the market share. The promotional activity will demonstrate the balance of the marketing mix. In order to enhance the awareness of the customers and to gain customer loyalty, it is important to increase the awareness of the product to enhance the recognition of the brand , increase the demand for the products , enhancement of the image of the brand and supplying superior products to the customers. Objectives of Promotional strategies The major objective of Aldi is to increase its market share. The promotional activity should ensure a balance of the marketing mix (Aldi.us, 2015). The promotional activity is planned to increase the loyalty of the customers and communicate the quality and value messages. The major objective of the promotional activities of Aldi is increasing the awareness and improvement of the brand recognition. Innovation and improvement has to take place in a parallel way in order to capture a larger share of the market. The other objectives of Aldi include increasing the demand for the products, improvement of the brand image and highlight the products that are of superior quality. The promotional activities of Aldi are above the line promotion and below the line promotion (Marketing Week, 2014). Strategies of Promotional Strategies The promotional strategies used by Aldi includes above the line promotional strategies and below the line promotional strategies. Above the line promotion Above the line promotional strategies are applied by Aldi via advertising targeting at mass audience. Advertising is done by Aldi using media such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines. This has helped them to reach to a larger audience. Television is used as an effective medium to communicate the view point of the company to the customers (Aldi.co.uk, 2015). The Like Brands are promoted by Aldi using television media showing that the products are available at cheaper rates. Leaflets are distributed in the stores to reinforce the brands sold by Aldi. Aldi also uses news paper as an effective source of medium to campaign the products (Ferrell, Pride, Schembri, Lukas Niininen, 2015). Below the line promotion Below the line promotional activity is done by Aldi to increase their engagement with the customers. The methods are used to target to a specific audience. These methods are found to be more effective than above the line methods. The organization will have a greater control of their communication. The below the line promotional strategies is applied by Aldi using social media, targeted emails to the customers , endorsements and awards for third party and emphasizing on their public relations and media relationships. Two way communications is encouraged by Aldi by using Facebook and Twitter pages. The social media pages have been an effective source of communication with the customers. The direct emails have been very effective form of communication. Aldi can communicate variety of messages to the target customers (Ritson, 2015). Public relations Another below the line method used by Aldi to highlight the quality of the products to the customers is via positive third party endorsements. It has entered over 1000 of its products into awards. In 2012, Watchdog had awarded it as the best supermarket. It beat the competition from Marks and Spencers. It has also made positive endorsements for the products on Television to reaffirm the message that the products of Aldi are of highest quality. They offer good quality product at cheaper rates (corporate.aldi.us, 2014). Improvement of Promotional Budget Optimizing the infrastructure of the organization can save the marketing budget of the organization to a considerable extent. This will ensure increase in the sales. The company can increase the operational efficiency and reduce their expenditure by increasing the expenses for promoting the product. The expenditure made in the various marketing resource like marketing materials, software of marketing can be reduced to increase the expenses in promoting the product. The budget for the various promotional activities can increase by 10% by reducing the other expenses. After increasing the promotional budget, the company has to evaluate the effectiveness of the increase in the budget. If the sales of the organization increases via the enhanced promotional activities then it can be assured that the promotional activities of the organization has been effective (Johnston, 2015). Use of expanded marketing mix for improving the organizational performance Apart from the 4Ps of marketing, the expanded marketing mix is essential for increasing the value of the product to the customers. Since the marketing strategies are far more customer oriented, it is essential to incorporate the additional 3 Ps of marketing to enhance the service of the product to the customers (Groucutt, 2005). 1. Physical layout In case of large supermarket like Aldi , the physical layout and infrastructure of the organization to receive good feedback from the customers. The customers today purchase products from the retail units and they expect high level of presentation in the modern shops. This enhances the shopping experience of the shopper and at the same time it increases the standard of presentation of the organization (Richter, 2002). 2. People An essential attribute of retail marketing is enhancing the customer service. It is an essential feature to attract more customers to the organization. The employees providing service to the customers has to understand the need of the customers and serve them in a better way. This will generate positive word of mouth for the investors and more customers will visit the supermarket (Cateora, 1983). 3. Process - Process is an important attribute of extended marketing mix. The various process in the organization will help the organization to handle the queries of the customers effectively. The return policy, customer complaints and the process for handling the orders can be done effectively. This will increase the efficiency of the organization. The top priority of the organization will be to provide good quality of service (Ronkainen Czinkota, 2002). Conclusion Aldi is a large supermarket based in Germany. Aldi has been successful in its strategy of targeting a larger mass of audience. The unique and innovative strategy used by Aldi is to provide products at cheaper prices to the customers. Aldi has not compromised with the quality of the product. They have manufactured their own product to reduce the cost of production. Since they buy in bulk volumes, it has been possible for Aldi to reduce the purchase price of the product. They sell the products at discount rates which is an essential strategy used by Aldi to reach out to a wide range of customers. Apart from using the 4Ps of marketing, it should focus on applying the other 3Ps such as physical layout, process and people to increase their mass appeal. References Adnews.com.au,. (2015). Aldi defends own labels - AdNews. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.adnews.com.au/adnews/aldi-hits-back-over-woolworths-copycat-branding-attack ALDI Australia. (2012) (1st ed., pp. 1-14). Retrieved from https://www.aldisuppliers.com.au/PDF/ALDI-Corporate-Brochure.pdf Aldi.co.uk,. (2015). ALDI - TV Adverts. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.aldi.co.uk/en/about-aldi/tv-campaigns/tv-adverts/ Aldi.com.au,. (2015). ALDI special buys new range every Wednesday and Saturday - ALDI Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.aldi.com.au/en/special-buys/ Aldi.com.au,. (2015). Pricing - ALDI Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/customer-information/pricing/ Aldi.com.au,. (2015). Returns Policy - ALDI Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/customer-information/returns-policy/ Aldi.us,. (2015). ALDI US - Our Weekly Ads. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.aldi.us/en/weekly-specials/our-weekly-ads/ Butler, S. (2014). How Aldis price plan shook up Tesco, Morrisons, Asda and Sainsburys. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/sep/29/how-aldi-price-plan-shook-up-tesco-morrisons-asda-sainsburys Cambridge News,. (2014). Tesco vs Aldi and Lidl: Why have almost a third of us switched supermarkets?. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Tesco-vs-Aldi-Lidl-switched-supermarkets/story-25627018-detail/story.html Cateora, P. (1983). International marketing. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. Collinson, P. (2014). Which supermarket is cheapest? Its Morrisons now. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/nov/22/which-supermarket-cheapest-morrisons-aldi-asda Cordo n, C., Hald, K., Seifert, R. (2012). Strategic supply chain management. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. corporate.aldi.us,. (2014). ALDI Honored with Retailer of the Year and Product of the Year Wins. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://corporate.aldi.us/fileadmin/fm-dam/news_and_awards/Press_Release_2014/POY__ROTY_Press_Release_FINAL.pdf Ferrell, O., Pride, W., Schembri, S., Lukas, B., Niininen, O. (2015). Marketing Principles PDF (pp. 200-250). Food Strategy Associates,. (2014). Aldi and Lidl have created a new dimension in Private Label and Own Brand  - Food Strategy Associates. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://foodstrategy.co.uk/aldi-lidl-created-new-dimension-private-label-brand/ Grocery.com,. (2015). Aldi Foods | Grocery.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.grocery.com/aldi-foods/ Groucutt, J. (2005). Foundations of marketing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Hamel, G. (2015). Benefits of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI). Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-continuous-quality-improvement-cqi-40534.html Harrison, N. (2014). Interview: Aldi bosses on how the discounter is shaking up UK grocery. Retail-week.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.retail-week.com/sectors/food/interview-aldi-bosses-on-how-the-discounter-is-shaking-up-uk-grocery/5064629.article Harvard Business Review,. (2006). Strategies to Fight Low-Cost Rivals. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://hbr.org/2006/12/strategies-to-fight-low-cost-rivals Icmrindia.org,. (2015). Aldi: A Low-Cost Retail Giant's Distinctive Business Practices. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy/Aldi-Low-Cost%20Retail%20Giant%20Distinctive%20Business%20Practices%20Case%20Studies.htm Johnsen, T., Howard, M., Miemczyk, J. (2014). Purchasing and supply chain management. New York: Routledge. Johnston, K. (2015). The Advantages of an Increase in Promotion Advertising. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-increase-promotion-advertising-23195.html Kleemann, F. (2011). Supply Chain Strategy Analysis for Aldi By (pp. 5-20). Marketing Week,. (2014). Aldi and Waitrose have strategic thinking in common. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.marketingweek.com/2014/05/14/aldi-and-waitrose-have-strategic-thinking-in-common/ mrmlogiq.com,. (2013). HOW TO SAVE BUDGET AND INCREASE SALES WITH MARKETING OPERATIONS. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.mrmlogiq.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/How-to-Save-Budget-and-Increase-Sales-with-Marketing-Operations-MRMLOGIQ-Whitepaper-2013-11.pdf Osborne, H. (2012). The Aldi experience: supermarket shopping with a difference. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theguardian.com/money/blog/2012/oct/08/aldi-supermarket-shopping-difference Richter, T. (2002). Marketing mix standardisation in international marketing. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Ritson, M. (2015). Branding Strategy Insider | Own-Label, Anti Marketing Fuels Aldi. Brandingstrategyinsider.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2008/08/own-label-anti.html#.VNSF9_mSzTo Ronkainen, I., Czinkota, M. (2002). Best practices in international marketing. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers. Ruddick, G. (2014). Five numbers that show how Aldi has revolutionised grocery shopping - Telegraph. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11127811/Five-numbers-that-show-how-Aldi-has-revolutionised-grocery-shopping.html SHOOTER, A. (2013). The high street copycats: Yes it's cheap - but the real secret of Aldi's success is the ruthless way it apes the look of top brands... and often the quality is even better. Mail Online. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2508069/Aldi-successful-copies-brands-improves-quality.html Supplychainanalysis.igd.com,. (2015). Aldi Supply Chain - IGD Supply Chain Analysis. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://supplychainanalysis.igd.com/Hub.aspx?id=11tid=1rid=52 TheGrocer.co.uk,. (2013). Aldi scoops Grocer of the Year Award at Grocer Golds. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/events/aldi-scoops-grocer-of-the-year-award-at-grocer-golds/344142.article Theuvsen, L. (2007). Quality management in food chains. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. This is Money,. (2014). Is Aldi really the cheapest supermarket?. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-2718734/Is-Aldi-really-cheapest-Exclusive-research-reveals-supermarket-really-offers-best-value.html

Aztec, human sacrifice free essay sample

When you think of the Aztec, what comes to mind? Perhaps you think of the Spanish conquistadors or their beautiful capital at Tenochtitlan. What comes to mind for a lot of people is their practice of human sacrifice. In class, we learned a lot about the civilizations of the Maya and the Inca but not much about the Maya. Chapter 13 of the assigned readings talks about the Aztec and how they came to power and their collapse. One paragraph in the chapter, although morbid and disturbing, caught my attention. â€Å"The victim was stretched out over the sacrificial stone. In seconds, a priest with an obsidian knife broke open his chest and ripped out his still beating heart, dashing it against the sacrificial stone. † These sentences refer to the ritual of human sacrificed practiced by the Aztec priests. Body The Aztec believed that they owed everything to the gods who created themselves as well as the world around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Aztec, human sacrifice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The would perform sacrifices in order for a good crop yield or good weather among other things. They believed that the best way to repay them was to offer up blood to them in regular rituals. Although many just assume this was human blood, they also sacrificed animals as well. Some offerings weren’t outright killings as well. They would have been cutting oneself and offering the blood shed to the gods. Archaeologists estimate that a few thousand people would have been sacrificed each year. Some were members of the Aztec community but they believe that most were prisoners of war. Instead of killing their enemies in battle, they would sometimes capture them and take them back to the capital to be offered up to the gods. In one ritual, the prisoners were forced to walk up the many stairs of the temple. Once they reached the top, the priest would cut open their stomach from throat to stomach. They would rip out their heart to offer it to the gods. The bodies were then pushed down the stairs. At the bottom, the body would be dismembered or carried off depending on the ritual. Its hard to believe this sort of activity happened regularly, especially as a public event where people would gather in the square to watch. Human sacrifice was not only an Aztec event. It happened all over the world in several different cultures. It was a part of their religion and a way to please the gods so the Aztecs would avoid disaster. No amount of human sacrifice could have stopped their collapse at the hands of the Spaniards. Human sacrifice was practiced to some extent by many peoples in Mesoamerica (and for that matter, around the world) for many centuries. But it was the Aztec empire that really took the ritual to new heights. How many people were sacrificed by the Aztecs? We dont know how many were sacrificed over the years its possible that some accounts are exaggerated but it was probably thousands each year tens of thousands or more all together. Some estimates claim 20,000 a year. The Aztecs had 18 months in one cycle, and for each of the 18 months there was ritual sacrifice. The victim would be painted as a part of the ritual, they would be placed on a slab where their heart would be removed and held up to the sun. The body would be thrown down the stairs of the temple/pyramid. The body would be disposed of in various ways, such as feeding animals at the zoo or putting on display (the heads). There are some accounts of cannibalism, but its uncertain if this was practiced to any great extent. â€Å" Life is because of the gods; with their sacrifice they gave us life. They produce our sustenance which nourishes life. † What the Aztec priests were referring to was a central Mesoamerican belief: that a great, on-going sacrifice sustains the Universe. Everything is tonacayotl: the spiritual flesh-hood on earth. Everything —earth, crops, moon, stars and people— springs from the severed or buried bodies, fingers, blood or the heads of the sacrificed gods. Humanity itself is macehualli, those deserved and brought back to life through penance. A strong sense of indebtedness was connected with this worldview. Indeed, nextlahualli (debt-payment) was a commonly used metaphor for human sacrifice, and, as Bernardino de Sahagun reported, it was said that the victim was someone who gave his service. Human sacrifice was in this sense the highest level of an entire panoply of offerings through which the Aztecs sought to repay their debt to the gods. Both Sahagun and Toribio de Benavente (also called Motolinia) observed that the Aztecs gladly parted with everything: burying, smashing, sinking, slaying vast quantities of quail, rabbits, dogs, feathers, flowers, insects, beans, grains, paper, rubber and treasures as sacrifices. Even the stage for human sacrifice, the massive temple-pyramids, was an offering mound: crammed with treasures, grains, soil and human and animal sacrifices that were buried as gifts to the deities. Adorned with the lands finest art, treasure and victims, these temples had become buried offerings under new structures every half a century. The sacrifice of animals was a common practice for which the Aztecs bred dogs, eagles, jaguars and deer. Objects also were sacrificed by being broken and offered to the gods. The cult of Quetzalcoatl required the sacrifice of butterflies and hummingbirds. Self-sacrifice was also quite common; people would offer maguey thorns, tainted with their own blood and, like the Maya kings, would offer blood from their tongue, ear lobes, or genitals. Blood held a central place in Mesoamerican cultures. The Florentine Codex reports that in one of the creation myths Quetzalcoatl offered blood extracted from a wound in his own genital to give life to humanity. There are several other myths in which Nahua gods offer their blood to help humanity. Common people would offer maguey thorns with their blood. Much like the role of sacrifice elsewhere in the world, it thus seems that these rites functioned as a type of atonement for Aztec believers. Their sacrificial hymns describe the victim as sent (to death) to plead for us, or consecrated to annul all sin. [14] In one such poem, a warrior-victim announces that I embrace mankind I give myself to the community. Aztec society viewed even the slightest tlatlacolli (sin or insult) as an extremely malevolent supernatural force. For instance, if an adulterer were to enter a house, it was believed that all turkey chicks would perish from tlazomiquiztli (filth-death). To avoid such calamities befalling their community, those who had erred punished themselves by extreme measures such as slitting their tongues for vices of speech or their ears for vices of listening, and for a slight [sin they] hanged themselves, or threw themselves down precipices, or put an end to themselves by abstinence. A great deal of cosmological thought seems to have underlain each of the Aztec sacrificial rites. The most common form of human sacrifice was heart-extraction. The Aztec believed that the heart (tona) was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Suns heat (istli). To this day, the Nahua consider the Sun to be a heart-soul (tona-tiuh): round, hot, pulsating. In the Aztec view, humanitys divine sun fragments were considered entrapped by the body and its desires: Where is your heart? You give your heart to each thing in turn. Carrying, you do not carry it You destroy your heart on earth —Nahua poem Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, Tlacahuepan, Cuexcotzin Sacrifice of captives by extraction of the heart Tlaloc, Quetzalcoatl Sacrifice by drowning and extraction of the heart Huixtocihuatl, Xochipilli Sacrifice by extraction of the heart Xilonen, Quilaztli-Cihacoatl, Ehecatl, Chicomelcoatl Sacrifice of a decapitated woman and extraction of her heart Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, Mictlantecuhtli Sacrifice by starvation in a cave or temple Xiuhtecuhtli, Ixcozauhqui, Otontecuhtli, Chiconquiahitl, Cuahtlaxayauh, Coyolintahuatl, Chalmecacihuatl Sacrifices to the fire gods by burning the victims Toci, Teteoinan, Chimelcoatl-Chalchiuhcihuatl, Atlatonin, Atlauhaco, Chiconquiauitl, Cinteotl Sacrifice of a decapitated young woman to Toci, she was skinned and a young man wore her skin; sacrifice of captives by hurling from a height and extraction of the heart Xochiquetzal Sacrifices by fire; extraction of the heart Tlaloc-Napatecuhtli, Matlalcueye, Xochitecatl, Mayahuel, Milnahuatl, Napatecuhtli, Chicomecoatl, Xochiquetzal Sacrifices of children, two noble women, extraction of the heart and flaying; ritual cannibalism Mixcoatl-Tlamatzincatl, Coatlicue, Izquitecatl, Yoztlamiyahual, Huitznahuas Sacrifice by bludgeoning, decapitation and extraction of the heart Huitzilopochtli Massive sacrifices of captives and slaves by extraction of the heart Tlaloques Sacrifices of children, and slaves by decapitation Tona-Cozcamiauh, Ilamatecuhtli, Yacatecuhtli, Huitzilncuatec Sacrifice of a woman by extraction of the heart and decapitated afterwards Ixozauhqui-Xiuhtecuhtli, Cihuatontli, Nancotlaceuhqui Sacrifices of victims representing Xiuhtecuhtli and their women (each four years), and captives. Hour: night, New Fire The sacrifice would then be laid on a stone slab by four priests, and his/her abdomen would be sliced open by a fifth priest with a ceremonial knife made of flint. The cut was made in the abdomen and went through the diaphragm. The priest would grab the heart and tear it out, still beating. It would be placed in a bowl held by a statue of the honored god, and the body thrown down the temples stairs. The body would land on a terrace at the base of the pyramid called an apetlatl Conclusion In this research project I learned that they have high religious significance to the Aztec sacrifice. And I learned that the incredible loss of human life because of the sacrifices would weaken an otherwise powerful nation.

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma One of the biggest concerns for homeschooling parents is high school. They worry about how their student will get a diploma so he or she can attend college, get a job, or join the military. No one wants homeschooling to impact their child’s academic future or career options negatively. The good news is that homeschooled students can successfully achieve their post-graduation goals with a parent-issued diploma. What Is a Diploma? A diploma is an official document awarded by a high school indicating that a student has completed the necessary requirements for graduation. In most cases, students must complete a predetermined number of credit hours in high school-level courses such as English, math, science, and social studies. Diplomas may be accredited or non-accredited. An accredited diploma is one that is issued by an institution that has been verified to meet a given set of criteria. Most public and private schools are accredited. That means that they have met the standards set by a governing body, which is usually the department of education in the state in which the school is located. Non-accredited diplomas are issued by institutions that have not met or chose not to adhere to the guidelines set by such a governing body. Individual homeschools, along with some public and private schools, are not accredited. However, with few exceptions, this fact does not negatively impact a homeschooled students post-graduation options. Homeschooled students are admitted to colleges and universities and can even earn scholarships with or without accredited diplomas, just like their traditionally-schooled peers. They can join the military and get a job. There are options for obtaining an accredited diploma for families who want their student to have that validation. One option is to use a distance learning or online school such as Alpha Omega Academy or Abeka Academy.   Why Is a Diploma Necessary? Diplomas are necessary for college admission, military acceptance, and usually employment. Homeschool diplomas are accepted at most colleges and universities. With few exceptions,  colleges require that students take an admissions test such as the  SAT or ACT. Those test scores, along with a transcript of a student’s high school courses, will meet the entrance requirements for most schools. Check the website for the college or university your student is interested in attending. Many schools now have specific admissions information  for homeschooled students on their sites or  admissions specialists who work  directly with homeschoolers. Homeschool diplomas are also accepted by the United States military.  A  high school transcript validating  the parent-issued diploma  may be requested and should suffice for proving that the student met the requirements eligible for graduation. Graduation Requirements for a High School Diploma There are several options for obtaining a diploma for your homeschooled student.   Parent-Issued Diploma Most homeschool parents choose to issue their students a diploma themselves.   Most states don’t require that homeschool families follow specific graduation guidelines. To be sure, investigate your state’s  homeschooling laws  on a trustworthy  site such as Homeschool Legal Defense Association  or your statewide homeschool support group. If the law doesn’t specifically address graduation requirements, there are none for your state. Some states, such as New York and Pennsylvania, have detailed graduation requirements. Other states, such as  California,  Tennessee, and  Louisiana, may stipulate graduation requirements based on the homeschooling option parents choose. For example, Tennessee homeschooling families who enroll in an umbrella school must meet that school’s graduation requirements to receive a diploma. If your state does not list graduation requirements for homeschooled students, you are free to establish your own. You want to consider your students interests, aptitudes, abilities, and career goals. One commonly-suggested method for determining requirements is to follow your state’s public school requirements or to use them as a guideline for setting your own. Another option is to research the colleges or universities that your student is considering and follow their admissions guidelines. For either of these alternatives, it can be helpful to understand typical  course requirements for high school students. However, it is also important to keep in mind that many colleges and universities are actively seeking homeschool graduates and often appreciate a non-traditional approach to school. Dr. Susan Berry, who researches and writes about educational topics like the fast-growing rate of homeschooling, told Alpha Omega Publications: â€Å"The high achievement level of homeschoolers is readily recognized by recruiters from some of the best colleges in the nation. Schools such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Stanford, and Duke University all actively recruit homeschoolers.† That means that patterning your homeschool after a traditional high school may not be necessary, even if your student plans to attend college. Use the admissions requirements for the school your child would like to attend as a guide. Determine what  you  deem necessary for your student to know upon completion of his high school years. Use those two pieces of information to guide your student’s four-year high school plan. Diplomas From Virtual or Umbrella Schools If your homeschooled student is enrolled in an umbrella school, a virtual academy, or an online school, that school will likely issue a diploma. In most cases, these schools are treated like a distance learning school. They will determine the courses and credit hours required for graduation. Parents using an umbrella school usually have some degree of freedom in meeting the course requirements. In most cases, parents can choose their own curriculum and even their own courses. For example, students may be required to earn three credits in science, but individual families can choose which science courses their student takes. A student taking online courses or working through a virtual academy will sign up for the courses that the school offers to meet the credit hour requirements. This means that their options may be limited to more traditional courses, general science, biology, and chemistry to earn three science credits, for example. Public or Private School Diplomas In most cases, a public school will not issue a diploma to a homeschooled student even if the homeschool worked under the oversight of the local school district. Students who schooled at home using an online public school option, such as K12, will receive a state-issued high school diploma.   Homeschooled students who worked closely with a private school may be issued a diploma by that school. What Should a Homeschool Diploma Include? Parents who choose to issue their own high school diploma may wish to use a homeschool diploma template. The diploma should include: The name of the high school (or wording that indicates that it is a high school diploma)The students nameWording to indicate that the student has met the graduation requirements for his schoolThe date the diploma was issued or the course of study was completedThe signature(s) of the homeschool teacher (usually one or both parents) Although parents can create and print their own diplomas, it is advisable to order a more official-looking document from a reputable source such as  Homeschool Legal Defense Association  (HSLDA) or  Homeschool Diploma. A high-quality diploma can make a better impression on potential schools or employers. What Else Do Homeschool Graduates Need? Many homeschooling parents wonder if their student should take the  GED  (General Education Development). A GED is not a diploma, but rather certificate indicating that a person has demonstrated a mastery of knowledge equivalent to what he would have learned in high school. Unfortunately, many colleges and employers do not view a GED the same as a high school diploma. They may assume that a person dropped out of high school or was unable to complete the course requirements for graduation. Says Rachel Tustin of  Study.com, If two applicants set side by side, and one had a high school diploma and the other a GED, odds are colleges and employers would lean towards the one with a high school diploma. The reason is simple: students with  GEDs  often lack other key data sources colleges look at when determining college admissions. Unfortunately, a GED is often perceived as a shortcut. If your student has completed the requirements that you (or your state’s homeschooling laws) have set for graduating high school, he or she has earned his diploma.   Your student will likely need a  high school transcript. This transcript should include basic information about your student (name, address, and date of birth), along with a list of courses he has taken and a letter grade for each, an  overall GPA, and a grading scale. You may also want to keep a separate document with course descriptions in case it is requested. This document should list the name of the course, the materials used to complete it (textbooks, websites, online courses, or hands-on experience), the concepts mastered, and the hours completed in the subject. As homeschooling continues to grow, colleges, universities, the military, and employers are becoming increasingly accustomed to seeing parent-issued homeschool diplomas and accepting them as they would a degree from any other school.

Product market cyclicality exerts a powerful influence on a car Essay - 1

Product market cyclicality exerts a powerful influence on a car assembler's sales, value added, cash flow and profit performanc - Essay Example Marketing strategies are guided by the product life cycle stages. This is because as a product moves through its life cycle, competition, pricing, distribution, promotion, and market information strategies need periodic evaluations and alterations. The life cycle of a product begins prior to the product’s entry to the market. It involves the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases. 1. Introductory phase. This phase begins when a product is introduced in to the market for the first time. Initial sales for a product are usually rather small, and a high percentage of products characterise this phase. The product however receives approval from its producers followed by purchases from early adopters. â€Å"Satisfaction, reinforced by marketing communication, leads to repurchasing and, as soon as sales increase further, the product exits this phase† (Cant, Strydom, Jooste, and Du Plessis, 2006, p.242). 2. Growth phase. During this phase, sales in the target market grow mainly as a result of purchases by many early consumers, and increase in repurchasing. Greater force is impacted to the demand for the product, as competitors with similar products enter the target market. 3. Maturity phase. This phase is characterised by levelling of a product’s sales growth and demand. Additional competitors with similar products enter the target market. ... 4. Decline phase. During this phase, a rapid decline is experienced in sales and the target market. As a result of this, marketers may exclude some products from the product line, to remove products that do not earn profits. The product life cycle is very significant since it helps in the development of new products. This is because through a developed product, management is able to gain knowledge on how to develop a new product, or improve an existing product. It also helps in profit prediction, since the amount of profits depends on the amount of turnover. Therefore’ â€Å"the management can well predict the firm’s profits in different stages of the life-cycle of the product† (Bose, 2010, p.70). With good knowledge of the product life cycle, it is possible to prepare marketing programmes. This is necessary in order to highlight the different policies, procedures, and strategies needed to be applied at the different phases of a product life cycle. Influence of t he Product Market Cycle on Car Assembler’s Sales Sales and profitability of cars just like other products vary at every phase of their life cycle. By being aware about the market cycle of cars, car assemblers are able to take better advantage of their market positions on motor vehicle sales. Good knowledge of the car life cycles provides crucial indicators to car assemblers on when to launch new cars, when to move to new markets, and when to diversify their car models. This is because through the car life cycle, car assemblers are able to analyse categories of cars, their forms, brands and models. In recent times, there has been a move towards the manufacture and assembly of environmental friendly vehicles. Such vehicles have very little impact on the environment and are

What's all the buzz about stem cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's all the buzz about stem cells - Essay Example In the study of diseases, researchers can use them to replicate the process a diseases undergoes in order to comprehend it. Because stem cells are said to rejuvenate damaged tissues, stem cells have the potential to be utilised in restoration of extremely damaged cells in scenarios such as third-degree burns. In a world where organs obtained from donors have long been used to replace damaged organs. Stem cells have the potential to replicate organ growth in the laboratory to produce these organs for replacement eliminating the risks of organ rejection (Bilko, et al., 2007) Thomas (2012) specifically notes that, the basis of the stem cells controversy is ethical considerations surrounding stem cells research. He states that, Adult stem cells are obtained from body tissues, and there is no harm done. However, embryonic stem cells are obtained from an embryo that is several days old destroying it. Thus, it is deemed to be similar to an abortion considering that an embryo is regarded as a component of life. According to Thomas (2012), James Thomson, the first individual to grow stem cells in the laboratory from human embryos indicated that it was morally better to utilize spare IVF embryos for use in research (Thomas, 2012). As an individual, my take on it is that it is ethically wrong to destroy an embryo by obtaining stem cells as it is a creation of God and has potential to produce life. I feel it is right to use stem cells in research, but it is wrong to destroy an

Communication in the work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication in the work place - Research Paper Example In this paper, we will discuss interpersonal communication in the workplace settings. We will also develop strategies for active listening, critical listening, and empathic listening. Along with that, we will also discuss the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communication and will explain the principles and misconceptions related to effective workplace communication. Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal workplace communication is a form of communication, which takes place between two or more individuals in any workplace setting. Interpersonal communication is basically the exchange of information, expressions, and symbols between people. Interpersonal communication depends on the type of relationships and the level of understanding that exists between the individuals. For example, interpersonal communication taking place between a person and his or her family members will be different from the interpersonal communication that takes place between an employee of a com pany and the manager or boss of that company. Level of understanding between the individuals is the key towards effective interpersonal communication. Less understanding results into ineffective communication whereas good understanding and patience result into effective and result-oriented communication. Therefore, we can say that interpersonal communication has a deep association with the level of understanding and the nature of relationships that exists between people. Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace Environment Interpersonal workplace communication is different from normal interpersonal communication. In workplace settings,

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay Public Relations is a corporate communications, usually referred to as PR or public relations, refer to the famous people, businesses, government, non-profit organizations and other organizations, to improve relations with the public,  promote public awareness of its order to establish a good image, to obtain public understanding and support. In the occupational, public relations organizations engaged in information dissemination, coordination and relationship management services of the image consulting, planning, and implementation and service management functions.  Including the election success of the organization created to reduce the impact of organizational failure, announced changes and so on.  And personal relationships in the traditional face similar.  In the marketing system, public relations is the only business organizations to build public trust in the tool. Since the division of labor in society is getting smaller, more show the importance of public relations to increase; many universities have set up public relations department for the community to develop different areas of public relations personnel. Public relations is an organization in order to achieve a specific  goal, between employees inside and outside the organization, the organization established a good relationship between the sciences. It is a conscious management activity.  Organization to establish good public relations, the need for good public relations planning to implement and achieve.  But now popular with the community a false notion, mistaken public relations as hostess or something like that, it is extremely detrimental to the science and art of public relations in Chinas development, the need for a comprehensive study and public relations, establishing the correct PR awareness. Public Relations notes that, in addition to the form of interaction between the European model is also reflected with the public and the public sphere, not only with the relationship, it can, in principle, is private, but also with public consequences of organizational behaviour.  A new interactive communication everywhere in the broader view of the use of the Internet, by Phillips and online public relations overview of youth in the second edition (2009), describes the form and the Internet-mediated nature of public relations.  It includes social media and communications and many other channels of communication platforms such as personal computers (PC), mobile phones and video game consoles and Internet access. Public relations are used to establish relationships with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public.  Almost any organization, how the portrayed in public shares to hire public relations level.  Under some public relations corporate communications, such as analyst relations, media relations, investor relations, internal communications and labor relations, banner down discipline. However marketing is individually or collectively through the trading of its products or create value to obtain the necessary things to achieve win-win or win-win process.  It contains two meanings, one is the verb to understand, refers to a specific activity or behaviour, then call it marketing or marketing management; the other is to understand terms, refers to the research enterprise marketing activities or conduct of disciplines,  call it marketing, marketing, or marketing and so on. Marketing is the study of the whole process of economic and social, is the transaction are marketing their respective areas of study, please note that I use the marketing, not marketing, marketing research over the entire transaction process, then the application  This research is for their own profit-making or marketing the business.  The whole process is very complex, which also derived from marketing research and development, market research, strategy, segmentation and so on, all this process as a whole, to ensure that marketing must be involved in all aspects of doing what they do, so  is the perfect marketing. For example innovative marketing strategy like service marketing, emotional marketing, green marketing, network marketing, relationship marketing and integrated marketing. i. The Organizations Publics Organization of public relations is public relations an important concept in the study.  Of relationship management theory emerged as a new model, increased public relations scholars point to the public nature of the relationship what is and what is its value in the organization and the greater society.  This relationship model provides a framework for public relations efforts and achievements of the link.   Succinctly defined as a public relations to help an organization meet its public one another. The other definition of public relations, pointed out that the protection and development of its features, how to goodwill or an organization or group to tell other organizations or bodies on its own  effect.  However, public relations involves more than words, it also requires an organization to take action.  Good public relations between the organizations are to reduce the effect of how we perceive ourselves and how others look at the gap outside the organization. Public relations are not only involved in an organization, its open two-way communication.  It needs to listen to the public of an organization depends on the analysis and understanding of the attitudes and behaviour, and the audience.  Only in this way, an organization for effective public relations campaign actions and words. Public relations involve many different types of audiences and organizations. Public relations is not only implemented by the companies and businesses, industry associations are also specific industries, professional associations, representatives on behalf of its members, and other nonprofits organizations and cities, countries, regions, and various government agencies. With these organizations for the public is quite diverse.  In the tissue type, they include its shareholders, investors, employees or members, customers and consumers, government regulators, media, and the communities in which it is located. ii. Addressing the Problem If we study some of the goals and objectives of public relations, obviously, this is a wide range of activities involving many different functions.  Ranked list of objectives, public relations, to establish, maintain and protect the reputation of the organization, enhance its reputation, and gives a good image.  Research shows that consumers often based on the reputation of their companys purchasing decisions, so to have a public relations companys sales and revenue implications.  Public relations can be a companys overall marketing strategy for the effective component. In the case of a for-profit companies, public relations and marketing may be coordinated to ensure that they are trying to achieve the same purpose. Another major goal is to establish good public relations for the organization.  This involves many other organizations with his public with interactive features such as employee relations, shareholder and investor relations, media relations, community relations, relationship, influence, or affected. Public Relations also have an educational component that can help them achieve the above goals.  Public relations education, some features may be many things the public about the organization, including educating them about the business, in general, new legislation, and how to use specific products, and to overcome misunderstandings and prejudices.  A non-profit organization may try to educate the public about a certain angle.  The trade association may carry out educational activities, especially the industry, its products and practices. Effective public relations require knowledge, based on the analysis and understanding of all factors, affect the perception and attitude of the organization.  Public relations activities of a particular development to follow these basic steps, which can be used as a cycle, beginning in the visualization of the organization, extending to the target audience and return to the organization. Although the specific public relations program or campaign may be active or passive manner, in both cases, the first basic steps, including analysis and research, to identify all the relevant factors of the situation.  Obtained in this step is the organization that affects the organizations views and the public involved in the understanding of the nature of the key factors. The second step, policy formation, the establishment of the first. Established organizations here, including the results of setting goals and expectations, and to restrict, the activities will operate a general policy.  To establish such policy guidelines, to assess the recommended strategies and tactics, as well as the overall campaign success. In the third step of the strategy and tactics are outlined.  The organization brought in here to play to their knowledge of their target audiences and develop in line with established policies, specific programs to achieve the desired objectives.  Then the organization is the fourth step, the actual preparation of the target public.  Specific public relations techniques, such as press conferences or special events, are used to reach the target audience. Until the public relations cycle has gone through in one direction from the organization point to its target audience.  Back loop in step five of the organization because it receives its public feedback.  Have their reaction to the movement of public relations? Whether there is some unexpected development?  Here, the organization listen to its public, and in the last step, evaluation of the program and make any necessary adjustments. Harvard Referencing Public Relations by Edward L. Bernays http://www.questia.com/library/communication/advertising-and-public-relations/public-relations.jsp http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/Define-Public-Relations.html Question Two Public relations manager and public relations executive, and sometimes only a title on the difference, the basic job duties belong to both the implementation and management.  This post is also more common in the public relations firm jobs, is the Public Relations Officer of the direct supervisor. In their daily work, public relations manager for the development and implementation of public relations to host major public relations programs and activities, with the relevant departments, corporate communications; but also according to the needs of customers assist in developing public relations strategies and tactics.  PR based on customer needs to determine the objectives, establish a good relationship with the media; In addition, the ability to handle the event is also essential, so as to give full play to the role of public relations. The Public Relations Manager in a local international hotel are specify for the media and the public field survey documents, and organizing press conferences and other activities.  More experienced public relations specialists to write press releases and speeches and coordinated public relations program.  In a small company will provide a big company than a more diversified work experience.  As a public relations expert to gain more experience, he or she can be promoted to management positions, including orders, account manager, senior account manager, account manager, vice president. The PR also do research abroad, the major source markets, analyze the structure and dynamics of the tourism market. And domestic travel agencies and tourist market in regular contact and obtain costumer. Conduct and tourism, foreign affairs, information and economic departments, organizations and participation in favour of the hotel public relations promotional activities to expand the hotels popularity. After that PR also will keeping with the hotels foreign offices and regular contact between foreign travel agencies, timely collection of information, marketing strategies. Besides that, PR also develops marketing plans and expansion of the hotel marketing plan with assistant and the marketing department. Organization and handling associated with advertising and promotional coming soon at hotel campaign to increase market awareness. Received from domestic and international aspects of the rooms and restaurant reservations and booking to make detailed arrangements. Strengthen hotel liaison between internal departments to ensure sales and booking procedures according to different smooth reception. Remain with the team leader, and tour guides links guests to the hotel directly to obtain advice or recommendations. Employees are the most important public one, with ongoing public relations program is to maintain the goodwill of employees, and employees to maintain the companys image and reputation.  A good employee relations program, in essence, let the staff know and provide channels of communication, management level. Bechtel Group, the privately held operating company complex, to express their employees, makes them the operation of the companys annual report.  The company used employee surveys to determine what information employees considered to be useful. Range of other communications equipment for use, including the tabloids and magazines, monthly, quarterly video magazine, local newsletters, bulletin boards, a telephone call, brown bag lunch in a live demonstration of the companies.  Proposed system, which originated in the Second World War, is another effective way to improve the management of employee communication. So hotel PR Manager is communicated with employee in order to pro mote good relations. Harvard Referencing http://www.answers.com/topic/public-relations Everything you should know about public relations: direct answers to over 500 questions by Anthony Davis. Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practical of Public Relation by John A. Ledingham, Stephen D. Bruning.

Raves :: essays research papers fc

Social Problems of Ecstasy and Raves Throughout American history drugs have posed a problem to society and lawmakers. Many attempts have transpired to try to prevent future problems associated with drugs. Many of the drugs threatening America were originally designed toward the improvement of human health. The most recent epidemic of recreational drug use is ecstasy. Ecstasy’s popularity is particularly in the possession of the nations youth. The institute of use is at all-night clubs and bars within many large cities. Recent research has been completed about the problems and long term effects of the drug. Does the new era of rave clubs and club drugs such as ecstasy pose a great threat to society? Before analyzing the societal problems associated with ecstasy it is important to understand what it is and its background. Ecstasy or MDMA (methylenedioxmethamphetamine) first originated in 1914 and was used as an appetite suppressant; it was not heavily used again until the 1970â €™s and was used to treat psychological disorders. Finally in the 1980’s the drug administration banned any open use of ecstasy because of recent test results proving it causes health problems. Recently the drug has become very popular and the rising popularity is from the influence of the rave movement. Boom, Boom, Boom. The sound of the new innovative music, responsible for cultivating and transforming society erupts from the speakers of a rave. Codes of conduct at raves are nonexistent. With out rules the crowds are encouraged to participate in whatever they find pleasing. People attend the raves to dance, but in actuality the ravers seek thrill through clandestine actions. Raves usually are praised for creating peaceful and positive vibes, but in spite of the fun and happiness created, raves also have many downfalls. Raving is an all-night activity. Large quantities of "rave kids" use mind and body altering drugs enabling them to indulge in a night of dancin g and immoral behavior. Ecstasy is a quintessential part of entertainment at the rave scene. The drug enhances the scene and the raver does not fully appreciate the moment unless in an altered state of mind. Kids who use ecstasy roam around the scene lost, and not in touch with reality. The ravers are experiencing the moment, but to others it sounds as if they are experiencing mass confusion. Some "ravers" consider alcohol to be a â€Å"square† drug, and therefore seek an alternate source of synthetic energy, such as ecstasy.

Quality of Emba Program

Problem Definition Background to the problem Dhaka University's Evening MBA program started in 2002 as an effort to bring the Faculty of Business Studies up to the standard with other private, public and international academic institutions. The program is currently on its 18th batch. Although the University authority started the program almost 8 years ago, there are still doubts among people about the quality of the Evening MBA program offered by the Dhaka University Faculty of Business Studies and many are confused about where this program stands against the MBA program offered by Dhaka University Institute of Business Administration (IBA). So a study was due in this field to determine the quality of the DU evening MBA program. And no one knows about the program better than those who are studying in the program already. Problem Statement The problem statement for our research is â€Å"The quality of the Evening MBA program in Dhaka University is not very high†. We will be using several statistical theories and tools to test our problem statement and create a model from it and also test the significance of the model. Approach to the Problem As our problem statement suggests, our objective of the study is to determine the quality of the Evening MBA program in Dhaka University. Now a product's quality can be easily determined through the use of different quality checks but what determines the quality of an academic program? After looking into some secondary data and taking initial opinion from a small group we have come to conclusion that quality of an academic program is closely related to quality of the learners, the environment the learning process takes place, the teacher, content of the learning program, the process and the outcome of it. Based on these analyses we have come to the conclusion that we will need to develop a survey questionnaire which will be used as our primary data and will include questions relating the above mentioned criteria with the topic in question- quality of the evening MBA program. Based on the data collected we will run regression analysis to develop the model and then use Discriminant analysis to classify the results. Research Design A research design should include all the important information about the research process such as type of research done, information needs, data collection, scaling techniques, questionnaire development, sampling techniques and fieldwork. Type of research To determine what type of research is needed to be done to achieve our objectives, we have explored different possibilities. First let us revisit our objective- we would like to determine the criteria that form quality of an educational program and then create a model out of it to identify significance of each of the criteria in the model. In other words, we will be determining the effect of some independent variables and determine how they affect the dependant variable. Based on this initial assumption we could say that we are looking into a cause and effect relationship and hence we will be doing a Causal research. However, further probing into the matter made us realize that the most important criteria of a causal relationship is to be able to manipulate the variables and observe their effect on the model, which in our case is not at all possible, neither we will be doing much experimentation. So ours is anything but a causal research. What our research is rather capable of is determine some characteristics relating to the problem in hand and based on primary data and observation develop a model to show an overall relationship. Based on such analysis we have come to the conclusion that a Descriptive research is more appropriate in our case. Information Needs For our analysis, at first we needed to know the perception of students about the quality of the evening MBA program. After that we needed their opinion on quality of the students enrolled in the program, students’ perception of the brand value of the program, quality of the teachers, grading system and admission test. So we have determined to create a questionnaire that will include questions about both the dependent variable (quality of the program) and independent variables (quality of students, brand value perception, quality of teachers, grading system, admission tests etc. ) and use it to run a survey to gather all the necessary information we will need in developing the model. Scaling Techniques Now all of our required data are about opinions or perceptions of students. For such situations a Likert scale is the most appropriate scaling technique to use because the main feature of Likert scale is a list of opinions ranging from extreme positive to extreme negative about a statement. Each opinion is assigned a score and based on the respondent’s response the score is considered in further data analysis. While using Likert scale we had to careful to maintain a consistency in the statements so that the positivity of an opinion always gets the highest score and the negative one the lowest. Based on this rule we needed to reverse the scoring on questions that leaned to negativity. Questionnaire Development and Pre-testing We have already defined our dependent and independent variables for the research and what we needed was to collect the sample population’s opinion about each of the statements made using a Likert scale. So setting up the questionnaire was quite simple for us. All we had to do is form a statement relating to each of the variables and attach a Likert scale table to let the respondents choose to what level they agreed or disagreed to the statements. Based on our initial analysis, we have determined 1 dependent and 12 independent variable and so we created a questionnaire with 13 statements and some apparently-relevant open-ended questions. To avoid confusion, the statements were worded as simple as possible. However, after pre-testing the questionnaire among a very small group, we observed that people still got confused about a question (question 12) related to grading. While our objective was to correlate fairness in grading with the quality of education, students related it to the grading system. So this statement didn’t serve its intended purpose and hence in our final analysis we have decided to leave it out. Due to this change, from now on every instance of Q12 will refer to Q13 in real. A sample copy of the questionnaire used has been included in the appendix section of this report. Sampling technique Sampling is another important part of a research design. The first and foremost job in sampling is to define the target population. Now we have already discussed that as the problem is to determine whether the quality of the EMBA program is up to the standard or not, no one but the students would know the most about it. So our target population is defined as all the students in the EMBA program; that includes not only the students from marketing department but all other departments too. After the target population was defined, the next job was to determine a sampling technique. Now there are a lot of sampling technique available but due to several limitations not all of them were appropriate. Considering the fact that it would be a lot difficult to contact and convince students from other departments to participate in the survey, we have decided to leave them out. And considering the fact that we started working on the research project right at the end of the semester made it difficult to communicate with all the students in marketing department too. So to run our survey we had to rely on the places of convenience where we would be present along with more students from different batches. In other words, the sampling technique we used was more of a convenience sampling. however we were careful not to select one respondent more than once. After the sampling technique was determined, our next job was to determine the sample size. Now determining the sample size is a very complicated process even on situations where relevant data like total population size etc. are available. When no such data exists, the sample size determination becomes just that much harder. However, we were lucky not to have gone through any hardship at all because we were instructed by our respectable course teacher to keep the sample size to somewhere around 30 and we followed his instructions to the book. Fieldwork As this is a very small-scale academic research, there was no need for additional fieldworker to run the survey. Instead we, the researchers took matters into our own hands and did the fieldwork ourselves. Now the positive side of it was that we didn’t have to train anyone to run the survey most effectively. As we were the ones setting up the questionnaire, we had a clear idea about what to do and how to do it. We used our available classes as place of convenience and used the class breaks to collect our data. Data Preparation After the fieldwork was done, we were left with 36 responses, out of which 4 were found to be incomplete. On such situations it is suggested to assign missing values to the incomplete survey papers. However, as we still had a margin from the required minimum of 30, we decided to leave the incomplete ones out. Once we agreed on that, the 32 valid survey papers were coded and transcribed into the computer to be used with SPSS, the statistical tool we ought to use. Data Analysis Once the data were transferred into SPSS, we were ready to start data analysis. Methodology The data were analyzed by conducting multiple regression analysis and Discriminant analysis. Regression was conducted to see whether a relationship exists between quality of EMBA program (dependant variable) and factors we have determined to indicate the quality (independent variables). Discrminant analysis was used to give us further insights. Plan for Data Analysis For regression we have considered Q1 as dependant variable and Q2-Q12 as independent variables. Then we have used SPSS to get the output. For Discriminant analysis, independent variables were converted from nine-point Likert scale into two-group categorical variable. For conversion we followed the following rule: -4= 1 (Low); that is EMBA program is perceived to be of low quality. 6-9= 2 (High), that is EMBA program is perceived to be of high quality. Note that we have disregarded the neutral value 5. From our analysis we have found that none of the respondents have chosen this. So we have taken only two variables and planned for Two-Group Discriminant analysis. So in this case the newly converted group variable is the dependent and Q2–Q12 are considered as predictors. Results Regression Strength of Association In the SPSS output Table below we can see the value of R2 is . 878. The R-square value is an indicator of how well the model fits the data e. . , an R2 close to 1. 0 indicates that we have accounted for almost all of the variability with the variables specified in the model. Our R2 is close to 1. ModelRR2Adjusted R SquareStd. Error of the EstimateChange Statistics R2 ChangeF Changedf1df2Sig. F Change 1. 937(a). 878. 811. 989. 87813. 0651120. 000 (a) Predictors: (Constant), Q12, Q7, Q3, Q2, Q4, Q9, Q6, Q11, Q10, Q8, Q5 Significance Testing The following formula is used to test whether an R2 calculated is significantly different than Zero. The Null Hypothesis is that the population R2 is Zero. where N is the number of subjects, k is the number of predictor variables and R? s the squared multiple correlation coefficient. The F is based on k and N – k – 1 degrees of freedom. In our case, N = 32, k = 12, and R? = . 878. In the SPSS output Table below we can see that F = 13. 065 which is significant at ? =0. 05. We can also see that significance is . 000; as it is smaller than . 05 we can say that it is highly significant. ANOVA (b) ModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. 1Regression140. 6461112. 78613. 065. 000(a) Residual19. 57320. 979 Total160. 21931 (a) Predictors: (Constant), Q12, Q7, Q3, Q2, Q4, Q9, Q6, Q11, Q10, Q8, Q5 (b) Dependent Variable: Q1 In addition to testing R? or significance, it is possible to test the individual regression coefficients (Beta) for significance and it is shown in the SPSS output in the following table. Coefficients (a) ModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig. 95% Confidence Interval for BCorrelations BStd. ErrorBetaLower BoundUpper BoundZero-orderPartialPart 1(Constant). 4491. 171. 383. 705-1. 9942. 892 Q2-. 046. 188-. 035-. 246. 808-. 437. 345. 395-. 055-. 019 Q3-. 091. 131-. 074-. 694. 496 -. 364. 182. 236-. 153-. 054 Q4. 102. 190. 084. 539. 596-. 294. 499. 407. 120. 042 Q5-. 188. 232-. 129-. 809. 428-. 672. 296. 464-. 78-. 063 Q6. 507. 196. 4372. 582. 018. 097. 916. 856. 500. 202 Q7. 015. 141. 011. 103. 919-. 279. 308. 273. 023. 008 Q8. 508. 170. 4652. 982. 007. 153. 864. 878. 555. 233 Q9. 035. 151. 029. 231. 819-. 280. 350. 464. 052. 018 Q10-. 132. 167-. 111-. 791. 438-. 482. 217. 524-. 174-. 062 Q11. 188. 145. 1711. 292. 211-. 115. 491. 600. 277. 101 Q12. 165. 119. 1461. 386. 181-. 083. 414. 621. 296. 108 (a) Dependent Variable: Q1 In the above table, we can see that all of significant levels corresponding to individual Beta are greater than . 05 except two. The significant for coefficient for Q6 and Q8 is less than . 5. So these are found to be significant. Therefore teacher’s delivery and student’s seriousness are important in explaining quality of education program. Regression Model From the whole regression analysis, we can finally generate a mode l that shows the total relationship between the independent variables selected and the dependent variable. Assigning each of the independent variables with Xn starting with Q2 as X1, Q3 as X2, Q4 as X3 and so on and assigning the dependent variable Q1 as Y, we form a generic regression model- Y= C + B1X1+ B2X2+ B3X3+ B4X4+ B5X5+ B6X6+ B7X7+ B8X8+ B9X9+ B10X10+ B11X11 Now putting the relevant Bs in the equation, we get- Y=0. 449 – 0. 046X1 – 0. 091X2 + 0. 102X3 – 0. 188X4 + 0. 507X5 + 0. 015X6 + 0. 508X7 + 0. 035X8 – 0. 132X9 + 0. 188X10 + 0. 165X11 This is our regression model to determine the quality of education in the EMBA program. Discriminant Analysis The significance of univariate F ratios shown in table below indicates that when the predictors are considered individually Q8, Q6 and Q12 are highly significant (significant level . 000) in differentiating between those who perceive EMBA program to be of high quality and those who perceive it to be low quality. That is teacher’s delivery (Q8), student’s seriousness (Q6) and seriousness of administration in enforcing quality (Q12) are important differentiating factors toward high or low quality perception of EMBA program. Tests of Equality of Group Means Wilks' LambdaFdf1df2Sig. Q2. 8007. 501130. 010 Q3. 9531. 480130. 233 Q4. 8067. 240130. 012 Q5. 72311. 518130. 002 Q6. 29073. 336130. 000 Q7. 9551. 410130. 244 Q8. 26881. 874130. 000 Q9. 8584. 949130. 034 Q10. 8037. 350130. 011 Q11. 8087. 123130. 012 Q12. 62517. 996130. 000 Because there are only two groups, only one discriminant function is estimated. The Eigenvalue associated with the function is 5. 37; as shown in table below and it accounts for 100 percent of the explained variance. The canonical correlation associated with this function is 0. 924. The square of this correlation, (0. 924)2 = 0. 85, indicates that 85% of the variance in the dependent variable (High/low quality perception) is explained or accounted for by the model. Eigenvalues FunctionEigenvalue% of VarianceCumulative %Canonical Correlation 15. 837(a)100. 0100. 0. 924 (a) First 1 canonical discriminant function was used in the analysis. It can be noted from table below Wilks' Lambda associated with the function is 0. 146 which transforms to a chi-square of 47. 98 with 11 degree of freedom. This is significant beyond the . 05 level. Wilks' Lambda Test of Function(s)Wilks' LambdaChi-squaredfSig. 1. 14647. 09811. 000 The table below shows the inter-correlation between the predictors and we can assume a low correlation. Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q12 CorrelationQ21. 000. 324. 512. 340. 215-. 209. 064. 441. 317. 131. 125 Q3. 3241. 000. 088. 243. 218. 094. 072. 066. 044. 398. 261 Q4. 512. 0881. 000. 667. 096-. 236. 170. 197. 497. 266. 055 Q5. 340. 243. 6671. 000. 290-. 438. 053. 080. 336. 364. 149 Q6. 215. 218. 096. 2901. 000. 032. 186. 095. 323. 529. 015 Q7-. 209. 094-. 236-. 438. 0321. 000. 29. 100. 220. 163. 113 Q8. 064. 072. 170. 053. 186. 129 1. 000. 450. 390. 260. 186 Q9. 441. 066. 197. 080. 095. 100. 4501. 000. 531. 296. 206 Q10. 317. 044. 497. 336. 323. 220. 390. 5311. 000. 517. 153 Q11. 131. 398. 266. 364. 529. 163. 260. 296. 5171. 000. 135 Q12. 125. 261. 055. 149. 015. 113. 186. 206. 153. 1351. 000 An examination of standardized discriminant function coefficient shown in the following table given the low inter-correlation between predictors, it is revealed that Q8 (teacher’s adequate lecture delivery) and Q6 (seriousness of the students to learn) is the most important predictors (having highest value of . 13 and . 704 respectively) in discriminating between groups, followed by Q12 ( administration’s seriousness in enforcing quality) and Q5 (competitive value of achieving degree in the industry). Standardized Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients Function 1 Q20. 164 Q3-0. 199 Q40. 122 Q50. 245 Q60. 704 Q70. 276 Q80. 713 Q9-0. 118 Q10-0. 387 Q11-0. 264 Q120. 254 It is interesting to note that the same observation is obtained from examination of the structure correlations (structure matrix shown in table below). In this table these simple correlation between predictors and discrminant function are listed in order of magnitude. Structure Matrix Function 1 Q80. 684 Q60. 647 Q120. 321 Q50. 256 Q20. 207 Q100. 205 Q40. 203 Q110. 202 Q90. 168 Q30. 092 Q70. 090 SPSS offer a leave-one-out cross validation option. In this option, the discriminant model is re-estimated as many times as there are respondents in the sample. Each re-estimated model leaves out one respondent and the model is used to predict for that respondent. The output for this is shown in the table on the following page. From the table hit ratio or the percentage of cases correctly classified can be estimated as (18+13)/32*100 =96. % [considering correct number of predictions of 18 and 13 for two groups] Classification Results (b,c) GroupPredicted Group MembershipTotal 1. 002. 00 OriginalCount%1. 0018018 2. 0011314 1. 00100. 0. 0100. 0 2. 007. 192. 9100. 0 Cross-validated(a)Count%1. 0017118 2. 0011314 1. 0094. 45. 6100. 0 2. 007. 192. 9100. 0 (a)Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation each case is classifie d by the functions derived from all cases other than that case. (b) 96. 9% of original grouped cases correctly classified. (c) 93. 8% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified. Thus we can say most important factors are Q8 (teacher’s adequate lecture delivery) and Q6 (seriousness of the students to learn). This result is consistently found both by regression and correlation. Limitations No research project is free from limitations of some form- be it time or resources. Same is true for our research project. Although time given was adequate for a small-scale project like this, but considering the topic of our discussion such small-scale research hardly means anything. Considering the number of students currently enrolled in the EMBA program as a whole, a sample size of 30 is hardly representative of the population. Added to that is our inability to communicate and select respondents from other departments. So considering all these, this project, although best efforts were given to complete, doesn’t completely satisfies its main purpose of determining the quality level of the EMBA program. Conclusion In conclusion, we can say that even though the research project didn’t serve its purpose completely, it at the least gives some idea about students’ perception of quality education and overall quality of the EMBA program. From the research, based on multiple data analysis, we have found out that people put great emphasis on students’ eagerness to learn and teachers’ delivery of knowledge to determine the quality of education program. So it is imperative that students are encouraged in different ways so that they feel inspired to learn new things on their own. And teachers also should keep in mind the duty they have sworn to fulfill and give their best efforts in teaching the students properly while staying above all influences. –X–